Sediments provide habitat for benthic organisms (organisms that are bottom-dwellers) and important structure for epibenthic organisms. The Division of Water monitors the quality of stream sediments to gain an overall understanding of the background conditions of sediments in wadeable streams and identify areas where concentrations of pollutants in sediments are elevated from background or historic records.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that six to 12 percent of the streambed sediment in the United States is sufficiently contaminated to cause significant lethality to benthic organisms. Sediment contamination exists in every region and state in the country and affects streams, lakes, harbors, near-shore areas and oceans. To date there are no national or state criteria for contaminants in sediments.
Sedimentation (the result of excessive sediment load in streams) is one of the primary causes of degraded fish communities, macroinvertebrates, freshwater mussels and other biologic communities living in streams. Excess sediment enters our streams through erosion. This erosion comes from stream bank collapse and overland sediment loads that are usually associated with incompatible land uses that remove riparian vegetation for land development, forestry, mining, poor construction practices, stream dredging and agriculture to name a few causes. Sediment plays a major role in stream channel stability and morphology. Excessive sediment loads cause changes to the stream channel and alter important physical characteristics such as depth, width and flow velocity.
In addition to physical degradation to stream hydrology, excessive sedimentation has a negative impact biologically. It can be abrasive to fish gills, scour benthic invertebrate habitat, as well as physically smother habitats. The chemical characteristics of sediments are an important component that may affect not only the dependent aquatic community, but semi-aquatic wildlife such as shore birds, waterfowl and amphibians. This loss of habitat is also detrimental to fish breeding, spawning and embryo development. Turbidity (cloudiness) may inhibit successful predation by fishes.
Monitoring of sediments in Kentucky is conducted at the fixed stations within the watershed network framework. Sampling follows the U.S. Geological Survey’s Guidelines for Collecting and Processing Samples of Stream Bed Sediment for Analysis of Trace Elements and Organic Contaminants for the National Water Quality Assessment Program (available on the Internet at http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/pest.rep/bs-t.html).
Variables monitored include metals, nutrients and pesticides. Sediment monitoring is usually conducted in the fall when stream levels are lowest.
Sediment monitoring results are accessible through STORET at http://www.epa.gov/storet/.
Suggested reading and Web sites for more information on sediments:
Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments (SETAC Press, 1997)
Contaminated Sediments in Ports and Waterways: Cleanup Strategies and Technologies (National Academy Press, 1997)
EPA Contaminated Sediments www.epa.gov/ost/cs/. This Web site includes EPA’s Report to Congress: The Incidence and Severity of Sediment Contamination in Surface Waters of the United States, EPA’s Contaminated Sediment Management Strategy, and National Sediment Bioaccumulation Conference Proceedings.
Related websites include:
